THE EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC HORSEMANSHIP PROGRAM ON EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED BOYS

The relationships between humans and animals have been associated with various therapeutic implications. While there is no agreed upon name, the term “pet facilitated therapy” has become widely accepted. Pet facilitated therapy has been particularly adopted to describe the relationship between humans and domestic animals. In contrast to public attitudes of twenty years ago, the field of animal-human relationships is now respected as a legitimate area of research investigation (Levinson, 1982). Numerous studies have been conducted on the benefits of the relationships between domestic animals and humans; however, there continues to be little empirical evidence that specifically addresses the relationship between humans and horses. Therapeutic horseback riding, a term which takes into account the relationship formed with the horse both while riding and on the ground, has been widely accepted among the professionals in the field. Despite this agreement, applied research in the field is needed to validate its apparent benefits. The present study was developed to determine how a therapeutic horseback riding program can predict outcome on self-esteem, frustration tolerance, depression and anxiety. Participants were 81 emotionally disturbed males between the ages of 6–16 who were students in a residential treatment center. Results were analyzed using zero-order correlations and a series of setwise multiple regression equations. The results indicated that children who experienced a meaningful bond to a horse were more anxious and depressed. However, the bond with a horse did not significantly influence a child\u27s self-esteem or frustration tolerance. Children who were more involved in the horsemanship program tended to be less depressed and anxious. A child\u27s self-esteem and frustration tolerance were not affected by their involvement in the horsemanship program. Children\u27s conduct in the horsemanship program did not significantly influence their self-esteem, frustration tolerance, depression or anxiety. Implications of these results are for the therapeutic use of horseback riding as an adjunct or alternative therapy for emotionally handicapped individuals

Advertising, Solicitation, And Indication Of Specialization: recent Proposed Rules And Supreme Court Mandate

The American Bar Association (ABA), on January 3, 1980, circulated a proposed draft for the complete revision of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct

Processing of silicon solar cells by ion implantation and laser annealing

Methods to improve the radiation tolerance of silicon cells for spacecraft use are described. The major emphasis of the program was to reduce the process-induced carbon and oxygen impurities in the junction and base regions of the solar cell, and to measure the effect of reduced impurity levels on the radiation tolerance of cells. Substrates of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 ohm-cm float-zone material were used as starting material in the process sequence. High-dose, low-energy ion implantation was used to form the junction in n+p structures. Implant annealing was performed by conventional furnace techniques and by pulsed laser and pulsed electron beam annealing. Cells were tested for radiation tolerance at Spire and NASA-LeRC. After irradiation by 1 MeV electrons to a fluence of 10 to the 16th power per sq cm, the cells tested at Spire showed no significant process induced variations in radiation tolerance. However, for cells tested at Lewis to a fluence of 10 to the 15th power per sq cm, ion-implanted cells annealed in vacuum by pulsed electron beam consistently showed the best radiation tolerance for all cell resistivities

High dose multiple micronutrient supplementation improves villous morphology in environmental enteropathy without HIV enteropathy: results from a double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial in Zambian adults

PMCID: PMC3897937This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated

Macroeconomic Fluctuations, Inequality, and Human Development

This paper examines the two-way relationship between inequality and economic fluctuations, and the implications for human development. For years, the dominant paradigm in macroeconomics, which assumed that income distribution did not matter, at least for macroeconomic behavior, ignored inequality--both its role in causing crises and the effect of fluctuations in general, and crises in particular, on inequality. But the most recent financial crisis has shown the errors in this thinking, and these views are finally beginning to be questioned. Economists who had looked at the average equity of a homeowner--ignoring the distribution--felt comfortable that the economy could easily withstand a large fall in housing prices. When such a fall occurred, however, it had disastrous effects, because a large fraction of homeowners owed more on their homes than the value of the home, leading to waves of foreclosure and economic stress. Policy-makers and economists alike have begun to take note: inequality can contribute to volatility and the creation of crises, and volatility can contribute to inequality. Here, we explore the variety of channels through which inequality affects fluctuations and fluctuations affect inequality, and explore how some of the changes in our economy may have contributed to increased inequality and volatility both directly and indirectly. After describing the two-way relationship, the paper discusses hysteresis--the fact that the consequences of an economic downturn can be long-lived. Then, it examines how policy can either mitigate or exacerbate the inequality consequences of economic downturns, and shows how well-intentioned policies can sometimes be counterproductive. Finally, it links these issues to human development, especially in developing countries